Ferroelectric domain inversion takes place in LiNbO 3 by diffusing Ti around 1000°C, or even by heat treatment alone at higher temperatures. Similar domain inversion is caused in LiTaO 3 by proton exchange followed by heat treatment. These domain inversion phenomena can be caused in local regions of plates without applying electric fields. In this review paper, the domain inversion phenomena in LiNbO 3 and LiTaO 3 together with applications of antipolarity domains to various devices are described.
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Kiyoshi Nakamura (1992) studied this question.
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