High-Ambient Air Pollution Exposure Among Never Smokers Versus Ever Smokers With Lung Cancer

INTRODUCTION: Air pollution may play an important role in the development of lung cancer in people who have never smoked, especially among East Asian women. The aim of this study was to compare cumulative ambient air pollution exposure between ever and never smokers with lung cancer. METHODS: ) in a period of 20 years was quantified with a high-spatial resolution global exposure model. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with ever-smoking patients with lung cancer, never-smoking patients had strong associations with being female, being Asian, and having air pollution exposures. Our results suggest that incorporation of cumulative exposure to ambient air pollutants be considered when assessing lung cancer risk in combination with traditional risk factors.