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. Impressively, the CDI device exhibits excellent electrochemical regeneration stability, retaining 92.0% efficiency over 200 cycles, placing it among the state-of-the-art CDI devices reported. Beyond desalination, the PNDBI-based CDI device showcases significant multifunctionality, enabling efficient water purification through the removal of hard water ions and cationic dyes, thereby offering a versatile and sustainable solution for environmental remediation.
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Yang et al. (2025) studied this question.
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