Revisiting obesity thresholds for cardiovascular disease and mortality risk in Chinese adults: Age- and gender-specific insights

Figures

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  Figure 1. Association between obesity parameters with CVD and all-cause mortality in total study population Solid lines represent multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios, with shaded areas showing 95% confidence intervals derived from restricted cubic spline regressions with three knots. Reference lines for no association are indicated by the dashed black lines at a hazard ratio of 1.0. BMI: 25.8 (25.0–27.1) kg/m²; WC: 85 (84–88) cm; WHR: 0.87 (0.82–0.89). Nadir mortality risk was observed at these points, with risks within the indicated ranges not differing significantly. Multivariable-adjusted models were adjusted for age; gender; current smoking; current drinking; physical activity; diet; educational attainment; and the use of glucose-lowering medication, lipid-lowering medication, and anti-hypertensive medication at baseline. pnon-linear < 0.05 indicates evidence of a non-linear association. See also Figure S3.

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  Figure 2. Association between obesity parameters with CVD and all-cause mortality by gender Solid lines represent multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios, with shaded areas showing 95% confidence intervals derived from restricted cubic spline regressions with three knots. Reference lines for no association are indicated by the dashed black lines at a hazard ratio of 1.0. Men: BMI 26.3 (25.2–30.6) kg/m², WC 88 (86–92) cm, WHR 0.90 (0.87–0.92); Women: BMI 25.4 (24.4–27.4) kg/m², WC 83 (80–86) cm, WHR 0.85 (≤ 0.89). Nadir mortality risk was observed at these points, with risks within the indicated ranges not differing significantly. Multivariable-adjusted models were adjusted for age; current smoking; current drinking; physical activity; diet; educational attainment; and the use of glucose-lowering medication, lipid-lowering medication, and anti-hypertensive medication at baseline.pnon-linear < 0.05 indicates evidence of a non-linear association. pinteraction refers to the test for interaction by gender and obesity parameters.

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  Figure 3. Age-varying association between obesity parameters with CVD and all-cause mortality by gender Solid lines are multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios, with shaded areas showing 95% confidence intervals. Reference lines for no association are indicated by the dashed black lines at a hazard ratio of 1.0. Age was used as the timescale. Multivariable-adjusted analyses were adjusted for current smoking; current drinking; physical activity; diet; educational attainment; and receiving glucose-lowering medication, lipid-lowering medication, and anti-hypertensive medication at baseline. See also Table S3.