Does combined training of biofeedback and neurofeedback affect smoking status, behavior, and longitudinal brain plasticity?

Figures

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  Figure 1. Flow chart of participation in the combined biofeedback/neurofeedback (BF/NF) study.

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  Figure 2. Overview of the experimental procedures.

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  Figure 3. Graphical overview of study’s outcomes.

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  Figure 4. Temperature enhancement was shown across baseline and corresponding sessions (within sessions BF learning). *p<0.05.

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  Figure 5. Theta/alpha ratio was increased across baseline measurements of successive NF sessions (carry-over NF learning) in the pool of participants, moderate smokers, and low-nicotine dependent individuals.

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  Figure 6. Theta/alpha ratio was increased within NF sessions (between baseline and session average and before-after training; within NF learning) in the whole group of participants. *p<0.05.

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  Figure 7. (A) Modified connections of phase-lag index (PLI) networks (theta, alpha, and beta bands respectively) across time. (B) Modified connections of theta, alpha, and beta PLI networks across time annotated according to 7-network estimate described by Thomas Yeo et al. (2011).

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  Figure 8. Significantly modified connections of theta PLI networks across time (T0, T1, T2), between or within the seven resting state networks (RSNs; Thomas Yeo et al., 2011). Line weight corresponds to number of significant connections. Most changes were observed in connections between visual network and other RSNs, between default mode network and frontoparietal network or within the visual network. DAN, dorsal attention network; DMN, default mode network; LIM, limbic network; FPN, frontoparietal network; SMN, somatomotor network; VAN, ventral attention network; VIS, visual network.

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  Figure 9. Significantly modified connections of alpha PLI networks across time (T0, T1, T2), between or within the seven resting state networks (RSNs; Thomas Yeo et al., 2011). Line weight corresponds to number of significant connections. Most changes were observed in connections between default mode network, frontoparietal network, and somatomotor network or within the default mode network and the visual network. DAN, dorsal attention network; DMN, default mode network; LIM, limbic network; FPN, frontoparietal network; SMN, somatomotor network; VAN, ventral attention network; VIS, visual network.

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  Figure 10. Significantly modified connections of beta PLI networks across time (T0, T1, T2), between or within the seven resting state networks (RSNs; Thomas Yeo et al., 2011). Line weight corresponds to number of significant connections. Most changes were observed in connections between default mode network and visual network or within the default mode network. DAN, dorsal attention network; DMN, default mode network; LIM, limbic network; FPN, frontoparietal network; SMN, somatomotor network; VAN, ventral attention network; VIS, visual network.