Therapeutic Exosomes in Prognosis and Developments of Coronary Artery Disease

Figures

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  Figure 1. The biogenesis, formation, and content of exosomes. The formation of exosomes begins with invagination of the plasma membrane, and then forms early exosomes, which form multiple vesicles after fusion, and finally release the exosomes out of the cell. During the formation of exosomes, it will actively or passively carry exogenous or endogenous cargoes. The picture on the right shows the membrane structure of exosomes, the contents of exosomes, including proteins, DNA, RNA, and others.

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  Figure 2. The sources, cargo loading, delivery, and enrichment of therapeutic exosomes. Therapeutic exosomes originate from a variety of cells, including some derived from cardiovascular cells, stem cells, and others. Next, we introduce the method of carrying endogenous or exogenous goods. It then summarizes the optimization strategies for exosome delivery, including targeting peptides, novel exosome containers, and injection methods for exosomes. Finally, we analyze the influencing factors of the enrichment efficiency of exosomes. VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell; MPS, mononuclear phagocyte system; CPC, cardiac progenitor cell; CDC, cardiosphere-derived cells; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; PSC, pluripotent stem cell; Cltc, clathrin heavy chain.