Modern semiconductor devices have revolutionized wide-ranging technologies such as electronics, lighting, solar , and communication [1]. The semiconductor industry Si to fabricate electronic circuits, and GaAs, , and other III–V materials for optoelectronics [2], with substrates consisting of wafers manufactured at temperature. Precisely controlled thin films can be on the substrate to achieve additional functionality, for example by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or molecular beam epitaxy [3].
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Bernardi et al. (2016) studied this question.
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