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Assesses signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution in underwater imaging, indicating optimization strategies for performance enhancement.
This study establishes comprehensive system signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution models for underwater time-gated (TG) imaging systems using single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays. Effects of water attenuation, target distance, and system parameters on detection range and spatial resolution are investigated, and corresponding optimization strategies are proposed. A complete underwater time-gated SPAD (TG-SPAD) array imaging system is constructed using a SPAD512S detector and experimentally validated, and a signal-to-noise ratio threshold of 2.5 is proposed for system performance evaluation. Results confirm high precision, with an average relative error of 2.90% between theoretical predictions and experimental measurements. This study offers theoretical guidance and technical support for the optimal design, evaluation, and applications of underwater TG-SPAD array imaging systems.
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Wu et al. (2026) studied this question.
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