What question did this study set out to answer?

The study aims to assess the impact of one-time compost application combined with annual cover cropping on wheat yield and GHG emissions over time.

May 14, 2026Open Access

Long-term model simulation of yield and greenhouse gas emissions: sustaining dryland winter wheat systems with one-time composted cattle manure application and annual cover cropping

MBMavis Badu BrempongUniversity of Wyoming UNUrszula NortonUniversity of Wyoming RARechiatu AseiSunyani Technical University

Key Points

The study aims to assess the impact of one-time compost application combined with annual cover cropping on wheat yield and GHG emissions over time.
Utilized the DAYCENT biogeochemical model for simulations from 2015 to 2050
Monitored GHG emissions and wheat yield after applying varying compost rates (0, 15, 30, and 45 Mg ha⁻¹) starting in 2015
Validated model predictions with field observations from 2016 to 2018.
CO₂ and N₂O emissions peaked at 923 mg C m − 2 hr − 1 and 78 µg N m − 2 hr − 1, respectively, around 7 years post-application
Wheat yield initially declined slightly in the first 3-5 years, then increased until year 15 (2031) before declining thereafter
A single application of 45 Mg ha − 1 compost with annual cover cropping can positively affect yields and GHG profiles for 10-15 years.

Abstract

Abstract Dryland winter wheat-fallow rotation in the US Northern High Plains face soil fertility and climate-related challenges, which contribute to low yields and reduced sustainability. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and wheat yield were monitored following a one-time compost (0, 15, 30, and 45 Mg ha⁻¹) in 2015 combined with annual cover cropping (2:1 Austrian winter pea and oats) during fallow phases. This study used the DAYCENT biogeochemical model to assess climate-smartness of the management, and determine the optimal timing for compost re-application between 2015 to 2050. The model was validated using field GHG observations and wheat yields from 2016, 2017 and 2018. The model showed positive correlations between observed and simulated carbon dioxide (CO₂, R² = 0.62), methane (CH₄, R² = 0.64), nitrous oxide (N₂O, R² = 0.52) emissions, and grain yield (R² = 0.93). Simulations for the period between 2015 to 2050 revealed that CO₂ and N₂O emissions peaked at 923 mg C m − 2 hr − 1 and 78 µg N m − 2 hr − 1 around 7 years after one-time compost application; and remained elevated between 923 to 1030 mg C m − 2 hr − 1 and 57 to 78 µg N m − 2 hr − 1 until 2031 and 2033 respectively, before gradually declining. CH₄ was consistently assimilated throughout the simulation, with an average of 99% greater uptake in compost and annual cover-crop- amended soils. Wheat yield followed a similar trajectory, declining slightly during the first 3–5 years, then increasing until year 15 (2031), after which yields gradually declined across all treatments. The simulations suggest that a single 45 Mg ha − 1 compost application integrated with annual cover cropping can enhance soil function, increase productivity, and maintain a favorable GHG profile for 10–15 years (up to 2030). Compost re-application is necessary beyond this period to sustain long-term agronomic and environmental benefits.

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