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Demonstrates the connection between diamond lattice structures and gauge theory, suggesting a new understanding of physics.
We perform the continuum expansion of SU(2) Wilson loops on the diamond lattice as prescribed by Granular Entropic Physics (GEP). For a slowly varying gauge field, the holonomy around the minimal hexagonal cycle expands as W = I + ia^2 Sigmamu nu Fmu nu + O(a^3), where Sigma is the oriented area tensor and F is the Yang-Mills field strength. We prove an isotropy theorem: the four tetrahedrally related hexagon classes satisfy Sum_I n_I^rho n_I^sigma = (4/3) deltarho sigma, producing an exactly isotropic leading-order effective action despite the discrete tetrahedral geometry. The resulting theory is 3D SU(2) Yang-Mills with coupling g^2 = 3/(2|Sigma|^2 a). The area tensor Sigma is dimensionless (constructed from unit vectors), and g^2 diverges as a goes to 0, consistent with the super-renormalisable nature of 3D Yang-Mills. We note that the GEP vacuum has Tr(W_0) = -10/27, so a physically motivated expansion should be performed around the frustrated background rather than trivial holonomy. This is the first explicit leading-order lattice-to-continuum bridge in GEP, connecting the discrete diamond lattice structure to standard gauge theory.
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Štěpán Sekanina (2026) studied this question.
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