Simulating impaired left ventricular–arterial coupling in aging and disease: a systematic review

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Comparison between a closed [70] and b open-loop multidimensional cardiovascular models comprised of a 3D idealized aortic geometry model coupled to 0D cardiovascular components

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  Fig. 2. Different dimensions of cardiovascular modeling that include 3D LV and aorta adopted from [71], 2D axisymmetric LV and vessel, 1D SA, and 0D LV coupled to systemic circulation adapted from [72]

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  Fig. 3. Block diagram of the cardiovascular system consisting of a heart, valves, pulmonary and systemic circulations and b blood flow path within blood vessels to and from the heart

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  Fig. 4. Simulation outcomes of cardiac models that can be visualized in different dimensions: (1) 3D FSI model shows vortex formation in LV outflow tract view with the 3D vortex is visualized by the magenta isosurface and the color map represents velocity magnitude of the velocity streamline (m/s) adopted from [71]; 3D electromechanical finite element model displays end-systolic fiber strain and stress distributions at the LV subendocardium adopted from [73]; (2) 2D axisymmetric LV model demonstrates strain distributions through the heart wall; (3) 0D time-varying LV elastance model illustrates a ventricular pressure–volume relationship [72]

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  Fig. 5. Simulation outcomes of circulatory models that can be visualized in different dimensions: (1) 3D CFD and FSI aortic model of a patient with type B aortic dissection shows the instantaneous blood velocity field at peak systole adopted from [74]; (2) 1D 55-segment SA model demonstrates blood pressure and flow waveforms at different locations from the ascending to the abdominal aorta produced using PWPSim [75]; (3) 0D lumped parameter model of the systemic circulation provides central aortic pressure and flow profiles produced based on [72]

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  Fig. 6. Patient-specific computational model framework involving data collection, processing, model development, and lastly simulation and analysis

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  Fig. 7. Systematic review approach: a Overview of methodology; b PRISMA flow diagram of study selection process adapted from the PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews [142]