Calendar and cycle ageing of commercial sodium-ion cells with layered oxide cathodes: how does operation influence degradation modes?

Key Points

• This research aims to explore how operation influences degradation modes in sodium-ion batteries with layered oxide cathodes.
• Evaluated battery performance under different operational conditions.
• Assessed calendar and cycle ageing effects on battery life.
• Measured degradation modes specific to sodium-ion technology.
• Found that operational conditions significantly impact degradation modes of sodium-ion cells.
• Identified specific ageing patterns linked to layered oxide cathodes.
• Demonstrated potential for enhanced longevity in sodium-ion batteries with optimized operations.