Microelectromechanical system‐based devices for the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of ophthalmic diseases

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)‐based devices, characterized by miniaturization, high sensing performance, integration, and enhanced comfort, have been increasingly employed in diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring in ophthalmology. MEMS‐based devices have been widely used to design sensors that enable real‐time monitoring of physiological and chemical markers in vitro and tear biomarkers in vivo. MEMS‐based technology improves resolution, imaging depth, speed, and precision in optical coherence tomography and microscopy. MEMS‐based devices overcome biological barriers, enable targeted drug delivery, and allow feedback‐controlled release for high efficacy and low side effects. MEMS‐based retinal prostheses restore visual perception by electrically stimulating retinal neurons. MEMS‐based surgical tools enhance surgical precision, minimizes infection risks, and improves patient outcomes. MEMS‐based wearable products monitor blink frequency and eye tracking for improvement of the life quality. Thus, we systematically summarized advances in MEMS‐based devices for accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and daily monitoring in ophthalmology. The challenges and potential development directions of MEMS‐based devices applied to ophthalmological diseases were discussed. This review highlights the current applications and future potential of MEMS‐based devices in revolutionizing eye health.