High Cardiorespiratory Fitness Protects against Molecular Impairments of Metabolism, Heart, and Brain with Higher Efficacy in Obesity-Induced Premature Aging

Figures

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  Fig. 1.. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and plasma soluble-receptor for advanced glycation end product (sRAGE) protein expression at baseline (week 12) versus follow-up (week 28). (A) CRF, (B) plasma sRAGE protein expression (n=8 per group). The CRF level is reported as running distance. Data are reported as mean±standard error of the mean (SEM). The values on the top of each bar represent mean±SEM values of CRF levels. ND, normal diet; HFD, high-fat diet. aP<0.05 when compared to baseline within the same group (week 12).

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  Fig. 2.. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and plasma soluble-receptor for advanced glycation end product (sRAGE) protein expression in normal diet (ND)-fed rats versus high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats. (A) CRF, (B) plasma sRAGE protein expression (n=8 per group; week 12=baseline; week 28=follow-up). The CRF level is reported as running distance. Data are reported as mean±standard error of the mean (SEM). The values on the top of each bar represent mean±SEM values of CRF levels. aP<0.05 when compared to ND-fed rats at the same time point.

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  Fig. 3.. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) at baseline is positively correlated with CRF at follow-up and food intake. The scatter plots display (A) the correlation between CRF at baseline (week 12) and follow-up (week 28), and (B) the correlation between CRF at baseline (week 12) and average food intake (B) (n=8 per group). The CRF level is reported as running distance. Data are reported as r values. ND, normal diet; HFD, high-fat diet. aP<0.05.

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  Fig. 4.. The effects of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) at baseline on metabolic parameters. Heatmap displaying correlations between CRF at baseline (week 12) and metabolic parameters at follow-up (week 28); correlations between CRF at baseline (week 12) and the absolute change (Δ) of metabolic parameters from baseline to follow-up (value at week 28–value at week 12) (n=8 per group). The CRF level is reported as running distance. Data are reported as r values. FAO, fatty acid oxidation rate; CHOO, carbohydrate oxidation rate; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; ND, normal diet; HFD, high-fat diet. aP<0.05.

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  Fig. 5.. The effects of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) at baseline on cardiac parameters. (A) Heatmap displaying: correlations between CRF at baseline (week 12) and cardiac parameters at follow-up (week 28); correlations between CRF at baseline (week 12) and the absolute change (Δ) of cardiac function from baseline to follow-up (value at week 28–value at week 12). (B) Representative pictures of apoptotic cell death in left ventricular tissue (n=8 per group). The CRF level is reported as running distance. Data are reported as r values. ROS, reactive oxygen species; CPT1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α; p-AMPK, phosphorylated-activated protein kinase; AMPK, activated protein kinase; p-IRS, phosphorylated-insulin receptor substrate 1; IRS, insulin receptor substrate 1; MFN1, mitofusin 1; MFN2, mitofusin 2; OPA1, optic atrophy 1; p-DRP1ser616, phosphorylated-dynamin-related at serine616; DRP1, dynamin-related protein 1; PINK1, PTEN-induced kinase 1; LC3-II, light chain 3-II; Bax/Bcl, Bcl-2-associated X protein/B-cell lymphoma; GPX4, glutathione peroxidase 4; SOD2, superoxide dismutase 2; MDA, malondialdehyde; TNF-α,…

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  Fig. 6.. The effects of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) at baseline on brain parameters. (A) Heatmap displaying correlations between CRF at baseline (week 12) and brain parameters at follow-up (week 28). (B) Representative pictures of apoptotic cell death at CA1 of the hippocampus (n=8 per group). The CRF level is reported as running distance. Data are reported as r values. PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α; p-AMPK, phosphorylated-activated protein kinase; AMPK, activated protein kinase; MFN1, mitofusin 1; MFN2, mitofusin 2; OPA1, optic atrophy 1; p-DRP1ser616, phosphorylated-dynamin-related at serine616; DRP1, dynamin-related protein 1; PINK1, PTEN-induced kinase 1; LC3-II, light chain 3-II; Bax/Bcl, Bcl-2-associated X protein/B-cell lymphoma; GPX4, glutathione peroxidase 4; SOD2, superoxide dismutase 2; ROS, reactive oxygen species; MDA, malondialdehyde; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; p-NFκB, phosphorylated-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NFκB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; PSD-95, postsynaptic density protein 95; p-TrκB, phosphorylated-tropomyosin receptor kinase B; TrκB,…

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