Insulin in the regulation of the renin-angiotensin system: a new perspective on the mechanism of insulin resistance and diabetic complications

Figure 1. Effect of insulin on RAS function. (A) Insulin affects central and local RAS by acting on their receptors, enzymes and angiotensin peptides (experimentally confirmed effects, details in the text of the article); ANG, angiotensin; AGT, angiotensinogen; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; AT1R and AT2R, angiotensin receptors; IRAP, insulin-regulated aminopeptidase; (↑) – increasing; (↓) – reducing; (*) - high concentrations of insulin. (B) Mechanism of angiotensin-dependent IR as a vicious circle.