Rajendra Chola I (1012–1044 ce ) in South India

In South India, the Imperial Cholas reigned between 985 and 1044 ce . Raja Raja Chola I (r. 985–1014 ce ) is widely celebrated as a symbol of Tamil pride. However, his son and successor, Rajendra Chola I (r. 1012–1044 ce ), is not accorded equal recognition. Notably, it was Rajendra—not Raja Raja—who dispatched two trade missions to China, strengthening maritime diplomacy. Rajendra is often criticised for his military aggression, particularly the Sri Vijayan expedition. Yet this campaign was largely aimed at protecting Chola’s commercial interests and securing maritime trade routes to China. Like his father, Rajendra commemorated victories through grand temple construction. Through sustained patronage of these temples, he integrated diverse social groups into the imperial administrative structure. He also collaborated with influential Tamil merchant guilds and promoted maritime mercantilism in Southeast Asia. Recent inscriptions further suggest his involvement in the spice trade with Arab merchants in the Arabian Sea. Consequently, Rajendra emerged as the only ruler who exercised influence over both coasts of the Indian peninsula. Through northern campaigns into the Gangetic region, he asserted Chola authority across much of the subcontinent, proving himself an exceptional monarch.