Flow inside a square cavity driven by the symmetric sliding of its four sides

We investigate the incompressible flow inside a two-dimensional square cavity, driven by the sliding motion of its four lids, all at the same speed and with facing lids moving in opposite directions. The problem has three symmetries: two mirror symmetries with respect to the diagonals and a π rotation invariance about the centre of the cavity. The base flow, a steady state that has all three symmetries, is the unique solution at sufficiently low values of the Reynolds number ( Re ) and acts as a global attractor. At higher Re , it has become unstable and shares the phase space with a globally attracting space–time symmetric periodic orbit that, in addition to the rotational invariance, is also invariant under evolution over half a period followed by reflection about either of the diagonals. In between, a wealth of solution branches and intervening bifurcations mediate the transition process. In particular, a pair of steady states that break the mirror symmetries but are mirror-symmetry images of each other regulate the appearance and disappearance of a second space–time symmetric periodic orbit and a pair of asymmetric periodic orbits that are also mirror images of each other. The catalogue of instabilities includes both local (two pitchfork, two Hopf, a saddle-node and a cyclic fold) and global (two heteroclinic and one homoclinic) bifurcations. The sequence of transitions is explained in terms of a one-dimensional path through the parameter space of a codimension-four bifurcation: the double zero bifurcation with Z ₂ symmetry and degeneracy of the third order terms.