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) at 313 K. Equilibrium data were best described by the Freundlich isotherm, indicating multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces, while kinetic analysis showed that the pseudo-first-order model provided the most accurate fit, suggesting a physisorption-dominated process. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH°, ΔS°) confirmed that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. Interestingly, while CBTM demonstrated superior dye removal, antimicrobial assays revealed stronger bacterial inhibition by CCB. These results highlight the potential of CBTM for efficient dye removal and underscore the multifunctional capabilities of biochar-based adsorbents.
Amaku et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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