Review of CO2 reduction methods and future prospects in carbon dioxide mitigation

Since anthropogenic CO₂ emissions are a major global concern, it is imperative to develop cutting-edge technology for capturing and converting carbon into fuels and chemicals with added value. A key component of circular carbon plans is the advanced conversion of CO₂ into fuels and chemicals with additional value. By combining mechanistic principles, catalyst materials, quantitative performance metrics (current density, Faradaic/thermodynamic efficiencies, TOF/TON), stability and degradation modes, reactor engineering, techno-economic considerations, and life-cycle impacts, this review compares electrochemical and chemical (hydrogenation/thermocatalytic) CO₂ reduction pathways. We identify key gaps for scale-up, including catalyst durability, green hydrogen supply, energy penalties, and standardized testing. We also compile laboratory-to-pilot performance (C₁ vs. C₂⁺ selectivity) and highlight hybrid methods (photo-, electro, and capture-integrated systems). In order to speed up industrial deployment, we conclude by suggesting a roadmap for research goals and pilot demonstrations.