In vitro evaluation of hyaluronate-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes containing trigonelline for their anti-cancer activity on A2780 ovarian cancer cells

> 500 µg/mL). Flow cytometry analysis revealed an increase in apoptotic populations in A2780 cells, with significant increases in both early and late apoptosis as the concentration rose from 3.6 µg/mL to 136 µg/mL. Real-time PCR results demonstrated upregulation of caspase-8, caspase-9, and P53 expressions in TG-treated A2780 cells, indicating a concentration-dependent induction of apoptosis. These findings suggest that MWCNT-HA-TG NCs possess selective cytotoxicity against ovarian cancer cells, presenting a promising strategy for targeted cancer therapy.