Global trend and disparity in the burden of ischemic stroke attributable to high body-mass index from 1990 to 2021 and projection to 2050: a systematic analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Figures

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  Fig 1. Cases and ASR of IS-HBMI by different sexes in 2021. Notes: (A) deaths, (B) DALYs. IS-HBMI, ischemic stroke attributable to high body-mass index; DALYs, the Disability-Adjusted Life Years; ASMR, age-standardized mortality rate; ASDR, age-standardized DALY rate.

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  Fig 2. Trends of IS-HBMI from 1990 to 2021, calculated by Joinpoint regression. (A, B) Trends by different sexes for deaths and DALYs, respectively. (C, D) Trends by SDI regions for deaths and DALYs, respectively. IS-HBMI, ischemic stroke attributable to high body-mass index; DALYs, disability-adjusted life years; EAPC, estimated annual percentage change.

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  Fig 3. Frontier Analysis of Age-Standardized Mortality Rates for Ischemic Stroke in 2021 (Classified by Multiple Risk Factors and High Body Mass Index (HBMI)) Each data point represents a specific country or region, while the frontier line indicates the lowest achievable age-standardized mortality rate at a given socioeconomic development level. Countries/regions are plotted based on their Socioeconomic Development Index (SDI) and age-standardized mortality rate. Countries with lower Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) and minimal deviation from the frontier are highlighted in blue, while those with higher SDI and significant deviation relative to their development level are highlighted in red. Data point colors indicate trends in age-standardized mortality rates(ASMR) from 1990 to 2021. DALYs refer to disability-adjusted life years; HBMI denotes high body mass index.

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  Fig 4. Decomposition analysis in deaths (A) and DALYs (B) of IS-HBMI from 1990 to 2021 by SDI regions and GBD regions. IS-HBMI, ischemic stroke attributable to high body-mass index; DALYs, the Disability-Adjusted Life Years; SDI, socio demographic index.

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  Fig 5. National Burden of Ischemic Stroke Attributable to High Body Mass Index, 2021 Age-standardized rates (A, B) and their average annual percentage change (C, D). Abbreviations: EAPC, estimated annual percentage change; ASDR, age-standardized DALY rate; ASMR, age-standardized mortality rate; ASR, age-standardized rate; DALYs, disability-adjusted life years; HBMI, high body mass index; IS, ischemic stroke. Map lines delineate study areas and do not necessarily depict accepted national boundaries.

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  Fig 6. Burden of ischemic stroke attributable to high body-mass index (IS-HBMI): deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and their Estimated Annual Percentage Change (EAPC), 1990–2021. Results are shown by age (A, for burden; B, for EAPC), by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and Global Burden of Disease (GBD) region (C), and by sex over time (E).

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  Fig 7. Historical Projected Number of Cases and Age-Standardized Rates of DALYs and Mortality for Ischemic Stroke Attributable to Multiple Risk Factors (A, C, E) and to High Body Mass Index (B, D, F) through 2050 Abbreviations: ASDR, age-standardized DALY rate; ASMR, age-standardized mortality rate; DALYs, disability-adjusted life years; HBMI, high body mass index; IS, ischemic stroke.