Pensionados and Workers: The Filipinos in the United States, 1903–1956

Between 1903 and 1956, there were two groups of Filipino “migrants” to the United States: the government scholars known as pensionados and workers. Distinct also were their experiences as migrants as well as the role that they played in the Philippines (in the case of the pensionados) and the United States (in the case of the workers). The article raises the question of rootednes to or estrangement from Filipino culture in assessing the influence of these migrants on their country of origin.