This article examines how the maintenance of cultural hegemony and the symbolic devaluation of the working classes contribute to the democratic crisis in Europe. Drawing on Gramsci and Bourdieu, it argues that symbolic exclusion fuels cultural resentment, weakening trust in institutions and fostering populist discourses. It advocates the revaluation of culture and education as key sites of democratic mediation.
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Hélder Nuno Ricardo Ferraz (2025) studied this question.
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