Large Language Models Integration in Smart Grids

Large Language Models (LLMs) are changing the way we operate our society and will undoubtedly impact power systems as well—but how exactly? By integrating various data streams—including real-time grid data, market dynamics, and consumer behaviors—LLMs have the potential to make power system operations more adaptive, enhance proactive security measures, and deliver personalized energy services. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of 30 real-world applications across eight key categories: Grid Operations and Management, Energy Markets and Trading, Personalized Energy Management and Customer Engagement, Grid Planning and Education, Grid Security and Compliance, Advanced Data Analysis and Knowledge Discovery, Emerging Applications and Societal Impact, and LLM-Enhanced Reinforcement Learning. Critical technical hurdles, such as data privacy and model reliability, are examined, along with possible solutions. Ultimately, this review illustrates how LLMs can significantly contribute to building more resilient, efficient, and sustainable energy infrastructures, underscoring the necessity of their responsible and equitable deployment. • LLMs can enhance smart grid operations through natural language capabilities. • AI-driven analysis can improve grid security and reliability. • LLMs could personalize energy management and empower consumers. • Ethical AI integration is crucial for equity and trust in smart grids. • LLMs can unlock new optimization opportunities via reinforcement learning.