Active recruitment of anti–PD-1–conjugated platelets through tumor-selective thrombosis for enhanced anticancer immunotherapy

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can reinvigorate T cells to eradicate tumor cells, showing great potential in combating various types of tumors. We propose a delivery strategy to enhance tumor-selective ICI accumulation, which leverages the responsiveness of platelets and platelet-derivatives to coagulation cascade signals. A fused protein tTF-RGD targets tumor angiogenic blood vessel endothelial cells and initiates the coagulation locoregionally at the tumor site, forming a "cellular hive" to recruit anti-PD-1 antibody (aPD-1)-conjugated platelets to the tumor site and subsequently activating platelets to release aPD-1 antibody to reactivate T cells for improved immunotherapy. Moreover, on a patient-derived xenograft breast cancer model, the platelet membrane-coated nanoparticles can also respond to the coagulation signals initiated by tTF-RGD, thus enhancing the accumulation and antitumor efficacy of the loaded chemotherapeutics. Our study illustrates a versatile platform technology to enhance the local accumulation of ICIs and chemodrugs by taking advantage of the responsiveness of platelets and platelet derivatives to thrombosis.