Mealey's data do not support her dichotomous model of primary and secondary sociopathy; this data supports the view that there is a continuum of degrees of sociopathy, from zero to the maximal manifestation. There are multitudes of factors that can contribute to sociopathy – from both genetic and environmental sources – and the countless different mixes of them can produce multiple degrees and variations of sociopathic behavior.
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John D. Baldwin (1995) studied this question.
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