Abstract Background The way in which patient education is delivered during clinical consultations can have an impact on cognitive and emotional outcomes in patients. 3D printing and imaging can be used in patient education to improve understanding of the information and satisfaction with care. This scoping review sought to explore the psychological impact of using 3D models in patient education. Methods Searches were conducted in PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, PubMed, Medline and CINAHL. Levac et al.’s enhanced version of Arksey & O’Malley’s methodological framework for conducting scoping reviews, and the PRISMA-ScR, were used to guide the screening and identification of relevant studies. Studies were included if they investigated the effect of using 3D models in patient education and explored psychological outcomes. Both quantitative and qualitative research were included. Results Eleven studies were included in the review, including 2 qualitative studies. 3D models were most often used in educational consultations preceding a surgical procedure ( n = 9). Psychological outcomes assessed were anxiety, quality of life, distress relief, and decisional conflict. The results were mixed, showing that using 3D models can have a positive as well as negative effect on psychological outcomes such as fear and disempowerment. Conclusions Using 3D models in patient education has the potential to improve patient anxiety and other psychological outcomes. However, more research is required to identify which patients and types of consultations 3D models are most useful for. For example, appointments involving important decision-making may benefit from the inclusion of 3D models. It is also essential to consider the communicative approach of the healthcare professional in the delivery of patient education with 3D models, as this factor is key to the outcomes of shared decision-making.
Maxwell et al. (2026) studied this question.