Svetlana Alpers, Emily Apter, Carol Armstrong, Susan Buck-Morss, Tom Conley, Jonathan Crary, Thomas Crow, Tom Gunning, Michael Ann Holly, Martin Jay, Thomas Dacosta Kaufmann, Silvia Kolbowski, Sylvia Lavin, Stephen Melville, Helen Molesworth, Keith Moxey, D. N. Rodowick, Geoff Waite, Christopher Wood, Visual Culture Questionnaire, October, Vol. 77 (Summer, 1996), pp. 25-70
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Alpers et al. (1996) studied this question.