Elevated Zinc and Potassium Levels in Renal Calculi Indicate Distinct Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Urolithiasis

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Urolithiasis is a common disease in Western societies, affecting approximately 10% of the population, and more often men than women. The formation of renal calculi is a complex process, including various compounds and proteins. The aim of this study is to compare differences between the trace element concentrations in male and female renal calculi as well as differences between the trace element concentrations in different stone types. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Renal calculi specimens were obtained during elective nephrolithotripsy procedures. Crystallography of renal calculi was performed using X-ray diffraction; an elemental analysis was performed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the differences in the metal element concentration between men and women. The second part of the analysis measured the differences in the metal element concentration between stones containing calcium phosphate (CaP) and pure calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones. RESULTS: < 0.001) in the stones containing calcium phosphate. CONCLUSIONS: The renal calculi from females had a significantly higher potassium content than those from males. This difference was not correlated with hyperkalemia or the blood potassium levels, suggesting a sex-dependent role of uromodulin in stone formation. The stones containing calcium phosphate exhibited higher zinc and potassium concentrations compared to the pure calcium oxalate stones. The increased presence of zinc and potassium in urine may accelerate the formation of calcium phosphate calculi.