Introduction: political Islam's romance with the 'West' 1. Intellectuals and the politics of despair 2. The crisis of the nativist imagination 3. Modernity beyond nativism and universalism 4. Heidegger and Iran: the dark side of being and belonging 5. Democracy and religion in the thought of John Dewey 6. Enlightenment and moral politics 7. Conclusion.
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A 2011 study studied this question.