Organizational and strategic considerations are used to predict differences in the instrumental rationality of allocation patterns for various campaign resources. An analysis of resource allocation in the 1976 Carter campaign indicates that actual behavior conformed to the predicted pattern: instrumental resources (advertising funds and candidate appearances) were heavily concentrated in populous states, while ornamental resources (state-level organizational funds and personnel) were more widely dispersed.
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Larry M. Bartels (1985) studied this question.
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