A modified perturbation technique is described for problems in which second-order effects are comparable in magnitude with first-order effects, where orthodox methods break down. It is applied to the energy levels of paramagnetic ions in a crystal, giving an effective Hamiltonian in which the Stark splitting, the anomalous g-value and the temperature-independent paramagnetism are clearly exhibited.
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M. H. L. Pryce (1950) studied this question.
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