Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, coupled with an expanded understanding of the physiology, pharma cology, and psychology of pain perception, have led to improved care of the patient with pain from cancer.' Improved methods of cancer diagnosis and treatment provide the best approach to managing pain by treating its cause. Before the start of an titumor therapy, or when such therapy is unsuccessful or when irreversible injury to bone, soft tissue, or nerve has occurred, however, adequate pain control is essen tial.
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K. M. Foley (1986) studied this question.