A Review of Nanoparticle Technology: Physicochemical Properties, Preparation Techniques, Uses, and Difficulties

Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as attractive instruments in modern research due to their distinct physicochemical properties and enhanced performance compared to bulk materials. Traditional synthesis techniques often rely on chemical substance that may cause ecological damage as well as safety problems. Green synthesis processes have attracted tremendous interest as eco-friendly and sustainable alternatives for nanoparticle formation. These biological technologies harness natural resources such as plants extract, bacteria, fungi, algae, actinomycetes, and yeast, delivering advantages like biocompatibility, cost-effectiveness, and less environmental impact. Green-synthesized nanoparticles have demonstrated tremendous potential in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, particularly in antibacterial therapy, drug transport, and diagnostic systems. This study emphasizes the classification, synthesis methods, physicochemical features, characterisation techniques, and biological uses of nanoparticles, along with present difficulties and future opportunities in bionanotechnology.