Raman and infrared spectroscopy of WHO essential antibiotics

(rifampicin). The high degree of agreement between experimental and theoretical spectra provides a validated spectral fingerprint for these compounds. These results serve as a reference framework for antibiotic identification and classification and offer a foundation for mechanistic interpretation of spectral changes observed in bacteria under antibiotic pressure, supporting future applications of vibrational spectroscopy in drug monitoring, resistance profiling, and high-throughput screening within AMR research.