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Abstract This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the current landscape of artificial intelligence (AI) regulation, examining the diverse approaches adopted across different global regions and the multifaceted ethical challenges presented by rapid AI advancements. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is explored as a benchmark for data protection and privacy in AI, contrasted with the USA’s more decentralized and sector-specific approach and the varied strategies of Asian countries like China and Japan that blend State-led direction with market-driven innovation. Key ethical challenges in AI are discussed, including bias and discrimination in AI systems, the complexities of AI algorithms leading to a ‘black box’ phenomenon, and the crucial need for accountability and transparency in AI operations. The article also delves into the role of international bodies and forums in shaping AI regulations and emphasizes the importance of multi-stakeholder involvement, including academia, industry, and civil society, in developing effective AI policies. The article proposes detailed recommendations for achieving harmonized international AI regulations. It advocates for the integration of ethical considerations into AI development, the adoption of flexible and adaptive regulatory frameworks, and the promotion of multi-stakeholder engagement. Enhancing AI literacy and public engagement and facilitating international cooperation on AI are also highlighted as crucial steps. The article concludes by underscoring the critical role of policy-makers and international bodies in guiding AI development to ensure it progresses in a way that maximizes societal benefits, mitigates risks, and addresses ethical considerations comprehensively.
Kashefi et al. (Thu,) studied this question.