Chapter explores historical partners in the transatlantic slave trade, revealing crimes against humanity and cultural impacts.
Along the Niger River and Sahel, early human migrations and prehistoric innovations rose into powerful kingdoms in West Africa. Through agriculture, commerce, and the trade of human cargo, empires in Ghana, Mali, and Songhai dominated the region. Words weave together the lush flora and fauna around the Trans-Saharan and Trans-Atlantic slave trades. The chapter explores the crimes against humanity from Africa and the eastern Mediterranean into the Americas.
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Woni Spotts (2026) studied this question.
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