Integrated analysis reveals microbiota–metabolite–immune alterations associated with coronary heart disease

Figures

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  Figure 1. The study work flow and experimental strategy.

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  Figure 2. Gut microbiota composition across coronary heart disease (CHD) subtypes and controls. Relative abundance of gut microbial in phylum (A) and genus (B) level in ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM), chronic stable angina pectoris (CSAP), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and control groups. (C) Heatmap of microbial genus-level abundance across groups. Hierarchical clustering reveals clustering patterns of genera that distinguish CHD subtypes from controls.

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  Figure 3. Comparison of Alpha diversity of gut microbiota among coronary heart disease (CHD) subtypes and controls using Kruskal–Wallis H-test. (A) Shannon index showing microbial community diversity. (B) Simpson index reflecting microbial community evenness. (C) Chao 1 index indicating microbial richness. (D) ACE index also representing microbial richness.

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  Figure 4. Taxonomic differences in gut microbiota between coronary heart disease (CHD) patients and controls. (A) Cladogram representing taxonomic levels (from phylum to genus) with significant differences. (B) Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) plot displays taxa with LDA scores > 2 that are significantly discriminative between CHD and control groups.

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  Figure 5. Co-occurrence network analysis of gut microbial phyla in the study. Green edge colors indicate positive correlations and red for negative correlations. Edge weights are labeled with correlation coefficients by Spearman correlation analysis.

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  Figure 6. Comparison of KEGG metabolic pathway abundances between coronary heart disease (CHD) patients and controls based on Picrust2 analysis.

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  Figure 7. Comparison of gut microbiota-derived metabolites by Kruskal–Wallis H test (A,B) and their correlations with GRACE scores in coronary heart disease (CHD) subgroups and controls (C,D) by Spearman correlation analysis.

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  Figure 8. Spearman correlation analysis between gut microbiota taxa, metabolites, and immune cell subsets. Statistical significance is indicated by asterisks: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Positive correlations are shown in red tones, and negative correlations in blue tones.