A precision medicine approach to sex-based differences in ideal cardiovascular health

Figures

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  Figure 1. Gender differences in Life’s Simple 7 health factors and behaviors. (a) The percentage of poor, intermediate, and ideal scores for women (n = 1251) and men (n = 310) for each of the 7 health factors and behaviors assessed in Life’s Simple 7. *p < 0.01. (b) The number of Life’s Simple 7 health and behavior categories for which participants achieved an ideal score. Data are shown for women and men. (c) Violin plots of the Life’s Simple 7 Health Score calculated using self-reported data for women compared to men. Median and quartiles are represented by dashed lines. *p < 0.01.

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  Figure 2. Heterogeneity among women. Hierarchical clustering of continuous and categorical variables derived from Life’s Simple 7 survey responses was performed to create a phenotype heatmap for women (n = 1,251) enrolled in the study. The heatmap reveals heterogeneity among women. DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; HTN, hypertension; MedBP, takes medications for blood pressure; CVD, prior history of prior cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; SugarDrink, number of sugar-sweetened beverages; Hchol, hypercholesterolemia; MedChol, takes medications for cholesterol; Chol, total cholesterol; ModEx, weekly minutes of moderate exercise; VigEx, weekly minutes of vigorous exercise; Fish, servings of fish per week; Grains, servings of whole grains per day; Veggies, cups of vegetables per day; Fruit, cups of fruit per day; EatOut, avoid eating out; Prepack, avoid prepackaged foods; Salt, avoid added salt; DigDev, registered a digital health device; Smoking, smoking status; Region, region of the United States.

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  Figure 3. Two phenogroups of women in My Research Legacy. (a) A factor analysis of mixed data using variables from Life’s Simple 7 health and behavior categories demonstrated which variables aligned with the first and second dimensions to explain 19.8% of the variability among women. Veggies, cups of vegetables per day; PrepackFood, avoid prepackaged foods; EatOut, avoid eating out; Fruit, cups of fruit per day; SugarDrink, number of sugar-sweetened beverages; Fish, servings of fish per week; Salt, avoid added salt; CVD, prior history of cardiovascular disease; MedChol, cholesterol medications; Grains, servings of whole grains per day; VigEx, weekly minutes of vigorous exercise per week. Ethnicity, race and ethnicity; Region, region of the United States; DigDev, registered a digital health device; Chol, total cholesterol; ModEx, weekly minutes of moderate exercise; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Hchol, hypercholesterolemia; MedDM, takes medication for diabetes mellitus; Glucose, blood glucose levels; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; HTN, hypertension; MedBP, takes medications for blood pressure. (b) Cluster analysis based on partitioning around…

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  Figure 4. Life’s Simple 7 Health Score calculated using digital health device data. Violin plots of Life’s Simple 7 Health Score calculated using self-reported data and digital health data for individuals that had both weight and activity data available from digital health devices. (a) Comparison of women in phenogroup 1 (n = 122) to men (n = 53), and (b) Women in phenogroup 2 (n = 97) compared to men (n = 53). *p < 0.01 vs. women in phenogroup 1, self-reported or digital device data; #p < 0.01 vs. women in phenogroup 1, self-reported or digital device data **p < 0.01 vs. women in phenogroup 2, self-reported or digital device data.