Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Circulating corticosteroids were measured after a brief electric shock in rats which were manipulated during infancy. When compared to nonmanipulated controls it was found that the manipulated rats showed a significant elevation of corticosteroids as early as 15 seconds after shock, whereas the nonmanipulated subjects did not show a significant elevation of steroids until 5 minutes after a brief shock. Further, the levels of corticosteroids were consistently higher in the manipulated subjects over a 15-minute period.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Seymour Levine (1962) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 10 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: