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Antarlides (ATLs) are tetraene macrolides discovered from Streptomyces spp. They demonstrated excellent antagonist activities toward mutated androgen receptors (ARs) related to the drug resistances in AR-targeted prostate cancer treatment. Herein, a biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) of type I modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) from S. conglobatus ATCC 31005 was verified to be responsible for the biosynthesis of ATLs in the heterologous host S. lividans SBT5. The atl BGC was also activated in situ in S. conglobatus by equipping a strong promoter for the PKS genes operon. Unexpectedly, a new glycosylated product, ATL D1, was produced in the heterologous expression. ATL D1 was also generated in the S. conglobatus mutant bearing activated atl BGC through the introduction of a GT1 family glycosyltransferase gene mgt from S. lividans. Enzymatic analysis showed that the protein MGT catalyzed the glycosylation of ATL D to yield ATL D1 by attaching a β-d-glucose to the C11-hydroxyl position. Moreover, site-directed mutation of MGT resulted in an iterative glycosylation to yield ATL D2 bearing a disaccharide at the C11-hydroxyl. These results offer a platform for constructing efficient biosynthetic pathway of ATLs, and the O-glycosylation could be applied to improve the pharmaceutical properties of ATLs.
Chen et al. (2026) studied this question.