Associations between food consumption with T cell activation and antibody responses following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination

T cells, and antibody levels compared to low consumption groups. Similar patterns were observed for bread consumption. These associations remained significant after adjusting for age, sex, vaccination count, and prior infection history. Additionally, we observed correlations between serum and fecal anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, with distinct gut microbiota and metabolite profiles associated with antibody levels. Our findings suggest that regular consumption of specific foods may influence vaccine-induced immune responses, potentially through interactions with the gut environment. These results provide a foundation for investigating dietary approaches to optimize vaccine responses.