γ‐Secretase: a multifaceted regulator of angiogenesis

• Introduction • Regulated intramembrane proteolysis • γ-Secretase – Structure – Receptor cleavage • Is there more to γ-Secretase than regulated intramembrane proteolysis? – Receptor translocation – Presenilin-binding proteins – Phosphorylation • Role of γ-Secretase in angiogenesis – Notch – Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) – Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-1R) – ErbB4 – Cadherins – Amyloid precursor protein (APP) – Other substrates • γ-Secretase as a therapeutic target • γ-Secretase, what next? Physiological angiogenesis is essential for development, homeostasis and tissue repair but pathological neovascularization is a major feature of tumours, rheumatoid arthritis and ocular complications. Studies over the last decade have identified γ-secretase, a presenilin-dependent protease, as a key regulator of angiogenesis through: (i) regulated intramembrane proteolysis and transmembrane cleavage of receptors (e.g. VEGFR-1, Notch, ErbB-4, IGFI-R) followed by translocation of the intracellular domain to the nucleus, (ii) translocation of full length membrane-bound receptors to the nucleus (VEGFR-1), (iii) phosphorylation of membrane bound proteins (VEGFR-1 and ErbB-4), (iv) modulation of adherens junctions (cadherin) and regulation of permeability and (v) cleavage of amyloid precursor protein to amyloid-β which is able to regulate the angiogenic process. The γ-secretase-induced translocation of receptors to the nucleus provides an alternative intracellular signalling pathway, which acts as a potent regulator of transcription. γ-secretase is a complex composed of four different integral proteins (presenilin, nicastrin, Aph-1 and Pen-2), which determine the stability, substrate binding, substrate specificity and proteolytic activity of γ-secretase. This seeming complexity allows numerous possibilities for the development of targeted γ-secretase agonists/antagonists, which can specifically regulate the angiogenic process. This review will consider the structure and function of γ-secretase, the growing evidence for its role in angiogenesis and the substrates involved, γ-secretase as a therapeutic target and future challenges in this area.