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Metal-based electrocatalysts with different sizes (single atoms, nanoclusters, and nanoparticles) show different catalytic behaviors for various electrocatalytic reactions. Regulating the coordination environment of active sites with precision to rationally design an efficient electrocatalyst is of great significance for boosting electrocatalytic reactions. This review summarizes the recent process of heterogeneous supported single atoms, nanoclusters, and nanoparticles catalysts in electrocatalytic reactions, respectively, and figures out the construct strategies and design concepts based on their strengths and weaknesses. Specifically, four key factors for enhancing electrocatalytic performance, including electronic structure, coordination environment, support property, and interfacial interactions are proposed to provide an overall comprehension to readers in this field. Finally, some insights into the current challenges and future opportunities of the heterogeneous supported electrocatalysts are provided.
Wang et al. (Sat,) studied this question.