Development of a modular neonatal neurological examination: from a short screening test to a detailed assessment of specific aspects of neurological function

The neurological examination of the newborn is often perceived as difficult. This paper describes the development of a modular approach, based on the Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination, including a short proforma for routine use, the standard examination and two add-on modules. We report details of the single modules with description of their use in different scenarios. Conclusions : The modular approach provides a number of options for performing an appropriate level of clinical neurological examinations in all newborns accommodating different needs in clinical and research settings. What is Known: • Neonatal neurological examinations are often not performed as perceived as difficult. • D etailed examinations are a burden in routine clinical practice and not always needed. What is New: • A modular approach, including a short examination, can be used in clinical routine. • The additional modules, when needed, can help in differential diagnosis.