Biomimetic nanomaterials in myocardial infarction treatment: Harnessing bionic strategies for advanced therapeutics

Figures

• 

  Fig. 1. Main ideas for treating MI with EVs. (A) As cell-free treatment strategy. (B) As good delivery vehicles for therapeutics. (C) Engineering EVs to target the heart. Created with BioRender.com.

• 

  Fig. 2. Overview diagram of EVs as cell-free therapy for MI. Created with BioRender.com.

• 

  Fig. 3. MSC-derived EVs for the treatment of MI. (A) Schematic diagram of Hypoxia-elicited MSC-derived EVs (Hypo-Exo) mediated miR-125b for cardiac repair. (B) Enhanced cardiac function post-MI mice model transplanted with Hypo-Exo. Reproduced with permission [92]. Copyright 2018, Ivyspring Inernational Publisher. (C) EVs derived from MSCs pretreated with atorvastatin (MSCATV-EV) regulated macrophage polarization and promoted cardiac repair via targeting microRNA-139-3p/Stat1 pathway. Reproduced with permission [15]. Copyright 2023, Ning, Y et al.

• 

  Fig. 4. Other cells derived EVs for the treatment of MI. (A) Angiotensin II (Ang II) enhances pro-hypertrophic signalling in CMs by increasing CFs-secreted exosomes. Reproduced with permission [117]. Copyright 2015, Elsevier. (B) Flowchart of dendritic cell-derived exosomes (DEXs) to promote angiogenesis post-MI. Reproduced with permission [27]. Copyright 2021, Liu et al.

• 

  Fig. 5. Overview diagram of EVs as therapeutic delivery system. Created with BioRender.com.

• 

  Fig. 6. Overview diagram of Engineered EVs targeting the infarcted heart. Created with BioRender.com.

• 

  Fig. 7. Lipid insertion for EVs targeting the infarcted heart. (A) Schematic of combining ischemic myocardium-targeting peptide (IMT) with Hypo-EXO. (B) Schematic representation of targeting Hypo-Exo injection in a MI mouse model. Reproduced with permission [92]. Copyright 2018, Ivyspring International Publisher. (C) Schematic diagram of fabricating myocardium-targeting exosomes by using cardiac homing peptide. Reproduced with permission [133]. Copyright 2018, Ivyspring International Publisher.

• 

  Fig. 8. Genetic editing for EVs targeting the infarcted heart. (A) Schematic diagram of exosomes exhibited with myocardium-targeting peptide CSTSMLKAC fused with Lamp2b. (B) Schematic diagram of administration of Lamp2b protein. Reproduced with permission [50]. Copyright 2018, American Heart Association. (C) Schematic illustration of MI treatment by EVs blocking mononuclear phagocyte system with CD47 modified on membrane surface. Reproduced with permission [53]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier.

• 

  Fig. 9. Overview diagram of biomimetic nanomaterials based on cell membranes. Reproduced with permission [29,34,35,134].

• 

  Fig. 10. Platelets membrane coated NPs for the treatment of MI. (A) The overview of characterization and treatment of PNV-CSCs. (B) Schematic showing of PNV decoration to promote vascular binding of CSC to the rat aorta. (C) The administration of PNV-CSCs in rats with MI. Reproduced with permission [29]. Copyright 2018, Nature portfolio. (D) Schematic view of CsA@PPTK and treatment of MI/RI mouse by mimicking the ROS elimination, inflammation and apoptosis inhibition of Tregs. Reproduced with permission [30]. Copyright 2022, Li, F et al.

• 

  Fig. 11. Immunocytes membrane coated NPs for the treatment of MI. (A) Preparation of Monocyte membrane-encapsulated MSCs exosomes (Mon-EXOs). Reproduced with permission [34]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (B) Schematic diagram of engineered macrophages membrane-encapsulated NPs loading miR199a-3p. Reproduced with permission [147]. Copyright 2020, Xue et al.

• 

  Fig. 12. Stem Cells membrane coated NPs for the treatment of MI. (A) Synthetics of stem cell membrane-camouflaged mimicking nanocomplex. (B) CM-miR-MSN targeted to injured CMs and mediated repair of MI damage via miRNA. Reproduced with permission [35]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier.