AbstractThis paper looks at the Ukrainian presidential elections from the perspective of machinations, including machine politics, administrative resources and fraud. By conceptually differentiating between different electoral strategies, it offers a model for analyzing their effectiveness and limitations. The empirical evidence first draws on Donets’k Oblast’, the home of Viktor Yanukovych, illustrating the effectiveness of such strategies starting from the 1999 presidential elections. The paper shows how and why these strategies were successful in Donets’k and offers some explanations as to why they failed at the national level in 2004.
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Kerstin Zimmer (2005) studied this question.