We report the development and successful use of a method for systematically analyzing film records of collective behavior. Existing theoretical definitions of collective behavior are critically examined and an alternative is advanced. We specify and discuss an important elementary form of collective behavior: collective locomotion, e.g., marching. Criteria and procedures are presented for making systematic judgments of the presence and extent of coordination in this form of collective behavior. Measures of the latter are presented for three film records: pedestrian movement, simulated demonstration marching, and a marching band. We discuss implications of this method for further studies of collective behavior.
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Wohlstein et al. (1979) studied this question.
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