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The Pygmalion effect, a type of self-fulfilling prophecy, has been demonstrated in educational settings with empirical studies, qualitative reviews and meta-analyses. It has also been studied in organizational settings. This meta-analysis provides a review of the Pygmalion literature, an analysis of findings to date, and a deeper look into the nature of the effect. The present analysis of 13 effect sizes revealed an overall d for the Pygmalion effect in work organizations of 0.81. Moderator analyses revealed stronger effects when the initial level of performance was low and when the experiment took place in a military rather than a business setting. Implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kierein et al. (2000) studied this question.