Clinical Aspects of Cardiac Pacing for Bradyarrhythmias

Since 1977, technological advances have made it possible, to incorporate a in an implantable pacemaker. In 1980, the first devices with a became available for patient use. At present, a single chip a few square millimeters, contains more than a million active elements. development of these micro-circuits is very expensive and therefore risky for small and medium sized pacemaker companies. Large in funds, design and evaluation time forced the pacemaker industry employ multi-purpose micro-circuits. Microtechnology renders the to produce almost fully programmable pacemakers and provide the with the ability to adapt the device to specific patients needs. Telemetry are bidirectional, from programmer to pacemaker and visa versa. time intracardiac electrograms can be analyzed and malfunctions of or lead performance can be detected. Telemetry and programming have significantly decreased the need for surgical reinterventions., microtechnology has created the progression from single-chamber rate stimulation to dual-sensor rate- mediated dual-chamber pacing. cardiac pacing is critically dependent on the pacing mode, the underlying disturbance and the myocardial function. Predictors of patient, hemodynamic and electrophysiological factors and the possibility an adequate follow-up are factors to be considered for selection of the pacing modality.